ADEFRA

ADEFRA was founded in 1986 by a small circle of Black feminists and lesbians, including Katja Kinder, Elke Jank, Katharina Oguntoye, Eva von Pirch, Daniela Tourkazi, Judy Gummich, and Jasmin Eding.

[1][2][3][4] As confirmed in ADEFRA's 20th-anniversary brochure in 2006, the initial meetings with Lorde, her subsequent visits to Germany, and the publication of Showing Our Colors were crucial catalysts for the movement.

[7] While ADEFRA maintained close ties with the Initiative Schwarze Menschen in Deutschland (ISD), the relationship evolved over the years.

Local ADEFRA and ISD chapters, particularly in Berlin and Munich, often shared resources and worked together on joint initiatives.

[1][3] After the fall of the Berlin Wall, ADEFRA members worked to unify Black women in both East and West Germany, with the group holding its first post-unification national meeting in December 1990 in Munich.

[3] ADEFRA member Ika Hügel-Marshall described the organization as a "forum where Black women can express their concerns with a broad spectrum of topics such as politics, education, lifestyle, and health.