In 1848 he received his medical doctorate at Prague, later becoming a professor at the medical-surgical school in Lemberg (1855).
After Duchek's death in 1882, his position at Vienna was filled by Carl Nothnagel (1841–1905).
Duchek was considered an excellent teacher and diagnostician, remembered for his investigations of scurvy.
In Vienna he was editor of medical yearbooks (1861–70) and of the weekly magazine issued by the K.K.
Gesellschaft der Ärzte zu Wien (Royal Society of Physicians at Vienna).