In exile, he advocated for the reestablishment of a sovereign Polish state, which also stimulated early Balkan and Belgian nationalism, and intensified their desire for independence.

In 1798, he purchased one of Poland's most important national treasures – Leonardo da Vinci's Lady with an Ermine, which he brought as a gift for his mother from Italy.

[2] Adam had already met Grand Duke Alexander at a ball at Princess Golitsyna's, and the two young men at once evinced a strong "intellectual friendship" for each other.

[3] On the accession of Tsar Paul I, Czartoryski was appointed adjutant to Alexander, who was now Tsarevich, and was permitted to revisit his Polish estates for three months.

Czartoryski found the tsar still suffering from remorse at his father's assassination and could do nothing but talk about religion and politics to a small circle of friends.

Czartoryski paid most attention to foreign affairs; as the tsar's key advisor, he exercised practical control of Russian diplomacy.

His first act had been to protest energetically against Napoleon's murder of a Bourbon royal prince, the Duke of Enghien (20 March 1804), and to insist on an immediate rupture with the government of the French Revolution, which was under Napoléon Bonaparte, whom the tsar considered a regicide.

In return for their acquisitions in Germany, Austria and Prussia were to consent to the creation of an autonomous Polish state extending from Danzig (Gdańsk) to the sources of the Vistula under the protection of Russia.

[2] New Conservatives Defunct Historical In 1805 Czartoryski accompanied Alexander to Berlin and to Olmütz, Austria (now Olomouc, Moravia), as chief minister.

He regarded the Berlin visit as a blunder, chiefly due to his distrust of Prussia, but Alexander ignored his representations, and in February 1807 Czartoryski lost favour and was superseded by Andrei Budberg.

They met again as friends at Kalisz (Greater Poland) shortly before the signing of the Russo-Prussian alliance on 20 February 1813, and Czartoryski was in the tsar's suite at Paris in 1814 and rendered him material services at the Congress of Vienna.

On 23 August 1831, he joined Italian General Girolamo Ramorino's army corps as a volunteer and subsequently formed a confederation of the three southern provinces of Kalisz, Sandomierz and Kraków.

At the war's end, when the uprising was crushed by the Russians (Warsaw was taken on 8 September), he fled under false identity to the Cracow Republic, then in Austria, and from there could reach England.

Czartoryski was an active leader of the mushrooming committees that were formed to maintain political momentum and salvage Polish cultural heritage in the exile community.

His tireless efforts on behalf of Poland continued well into his seventies: in 1842 he conceived a project to found a Polish settlement in rural Turkey.

He sent his representative, Michał Czajkowski, to Turkey and purchased a forest area which encompasses present-day Adampol from the missionary order of Lazarists.

Polonezköy or Adampol survives to this day as a small village on the Asian side of Istanbul, about 30 kilometres from the historic city centre.

Over time, Adampol developed and became populated by emigrants from the unsuccessful 1848 Revolution, the Crimean War in 1853, and by escapees from Siberia and from captivity in Circassia.

According to the historian Marian Kamil Dziewanowski, it is indispensable to an understanding of the Prince's many activities conducted in Paris following the ill-fated Polish November 1830 Uprising.

He wrote that, "Having extended her sway south and west, and being by the nature of things unreachable from the east and north, Russia becomes a source of constant threat to Europe."

[16] Above all, he aspired to reconstitute – with French, British and Turkish support – a Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth federated with the Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians, Romanians and all the South Slavs of the future Yugoslavia.

"[16] "Nevertheless", Dziewanowski, concludes "the Prince's endeavour constitutes a [vital] link [between] the 16th century Jagiellonian [federative prototype] and Józef Piłsudski's federative-Prometheist programme [that was to follow after World War I].

(Paris, 1887); an English translation, Memoirs of Czartoryski, &c., edited by A. Gielguch, with documents relating to his negotiations with Pitt, and conversations with Palmerston in 1832 (2 vols., London, 1888).

Czartoryski makes a cameo appearance in volume 3 of Leo Tolstoy's novel, War and Peace, at an Allied Council conference that takes place at Olmütz (Olomouc, Moravia) on 18 November 1805, just before the Battle of Austerlitz.