Located in the northeastern corner of the county, it borders the following townships: No municipalities are located in Adams Township.

[4] It is one of ten Adams Townships statewide.

[5] The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1.

There is also an elected township fiscal officer,[6] who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election.

The most significant highway in Adams Township is U.S. Route 24, which travels from northeast to southwest in the southeastern corner of the township.