[1] However, the non-union worker must pay a fee to cover collective bargaining costs.
[2][3] The provision requires non-union employees to pay a "fair share fee" to cover the costs of the union's collective bargaining activities.
The "fair share" is similar to the agency shop, but usually more restrictive as to what may be charged to the non-member.
[clarification needed][2][3] In Canada, the agency fee is usually known as the Rand formula.
[4] In the United States, compelling payment of agency fees from non-union employees in the public sector was held unconstitutional in Janus v. AFSCME, in June 2018. International Labour Organization covenants do not address the legality of agency fee provisions, leaving the question up to each individual nation.