[4] Ṣarrūf, who had made a name himself as an important science journalist and promoter of the modern Arabic literature, was interested predominantly in scientific and literary topics.

[3] The third publisher Šāhīn Makāriyūs (1853-1910) who was also a journalist, was responsible for the printing technology, and he developed this already in the production of the journals Našra al-Usbūʿīya (1871) and aṭ- Ṭabīb (1884-1885).

[6] Besides Syria and Egypt the issues were also distributed in Iraq, Iran, Yemen and were spread in numerous European countries, in the USA, Canada, Latin America, Australia as well as in India and China.

[8] The problem was solved the same year only through the intervention of the Ottomans who asked the editors through the Directorate of Foreign Affairs and Publications in Beirut to stop accusing each other if they did not want to be subject to the bans or penalty.

[10] In addition, Ṣarrūf and Nimr published simultaneously the daily newspaper al-Muqaṭṭam (1889-1952), the monthly journal al-Laṭāʾif (1886-1896) and Ǧarīdat as-Sūdān (The Sudan Times, 1903) in Cairo.

[12] The New Yorker weekly journal American Artisan for "Arts, Mechanics, Manufactures, Engineering, Chemistry, Inventions and Patents" provided the logo of crossed hammer and feather, which was copied at the title page till the 1890s.

[3] The rubric for disputation and correspondence (Bāb al-Munāẓara wa-l-Murāsala) and the column for questions and answers (Masāʿil wa-aǧwibatuhā) enabled and promoted social, scientific and political debates.