However, one important Ottoman Algerian leader held onto power for several more years, but in general was quick to succumb to the French presence in the region.

[3] Due to the fact that Constantinople was a considerable distance away from Algiers, France easily stopped Ottoman influence in the region, and instead, asserted their own power.

The Algerians, excluding the French settlers, were subject to rule by military officers with detailed knowledge of local affairs and languages, but no interest in broader colonial matters.

Eventually, the slow build of European control led to the securing of settler domination after the fall of Napoleon III and the rise of the Third Republic in France.

During this time, the occupational forces (both the Allied and the Axis powers) began delivering messages and promises of a "new world for formerly subject[ed] peoples".

[citation needed] On 8 May 1945, during celebrations to mark the end of the World war, an unorganized rising occurred in Setif, and 84 European settlers were killed.

From first armed operations of November 1954, 'Pieds-Noirs' civilians have always been targets for FLN, either by assassination, bombing bars and cinemas and mass massacres, torture and rapes in farms.

General Massu controlled the riot by forming a Committee of Public Safety demanding that his acquaintance Charles de Gaulle be named president of the French Fourth Republic, to prevent the "abandonment of Algeria".

Many French political and military leaders in Algeria viewed this as betrayal and formed the Organisation armée secrète (OAS) that had much support among 'Pieds-Noirs'.

[10] Despite ambiguous sentiment in Algeria concerning its former colonial power, France has maintained a historically favored position in Algerian foreign relations.

The already established trade links, the lack of experienced Algerian government officials, and the military presence provided for in the Évian Accords ending the War of Independence ensured the continuance of French influence.

[11] This benevolent relationship was altered in the early Boumediène years when the Algerian government assumed control of French-owned petroleum extraction and pipeline interests and nationalized industrial and energy enterprises.

France, although apparently willing to maintain cooperative relations, was overlooked as Algeria, eager to exploit its new independence, looked to other trade partners.

France wanted to preserve its privileged position in the strategically and economically important Algerian nation, and Algeria hoped to receive needed technical and financial assistance.

French intervention in the Western Sahara against the Polisario and its lack of Algerian oil purchases, leading to a trade imbalance in the late 1970s strained relations and defeated efforts toward bilateral rapprochement.

Finally, rapprochement with Morocco, a number of joint economic ventures between France and Algeria, and the establishment of the UMA relaxed some of the remaining tensions.

The French government has vacillated between sweeping commitments to "codevelopment," involving extensive social networks for emigrant Algerian laborers, and support of strict regulations concerning work and study permits, random searches for legal papers, and expeditious deportation without appeal in the event of irregularities.

North African communities in France remain relatively isolated, and chronic problems persist for Algerians trying to obtain housing, education, and employment.

Algeria and France share a cultural background that transcends diplomatic manoeuvres and has persisted throughout periods of "disenchantment" and strained relations.

[11] In 2021, the French government determined to "drastically" reduce the number of visas issued to Algerian citizens (as well as Moroccans and Tunisians), arguing the lack of collaboration from those countries vis-à-vis deportations from France.

[16] On 8 December 2021, in an unannounced trip to Algiers, Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian held talks with President Abdelmadjid Tebboune with the aim of opening a route towards renewed dialogue between the countries.

[21] After a policeman killed a French Algerian teenager on 27 June 2023 during a road check in Nanterre, Algeria expressed "shock" and "dismay" before uring France to recall its "duty to protect".

[22] The French Parliament began to examine a resolution from 7 December 2023, aimed at ending a secret agreement concluded in 1968 with Algeria by Charles de Gaulle on immigration, regulating the access of Algerians to the labor market and to social security in France.

[23] On 30 July 2024, Algeria recalled its ambassador to France due to the latter's announcement of its support for the Moroccan autonomy plan for Western Sahara.