The raw sugar still contained impurities that were extracted in the so-called refinery process.

The traditional sugar refinery in Amsterdam was a building strongly influenced by the highly regulated size of house lots in the city.

Many of these measured 9.5 by 47 m. In order to get an efficient ratio between the parts of the production process on such a plot, the standard refinery used four boiling pans and had 4 or 5 storys.

[2] An innovation that could make these small refineries more efficient was the use of tubes that conducted steam to heat the pans.

[3] The invention of the vacuum pan by Edward Charles Howard changed the traditional sugar refinery process.

Above all, it was an almost absolute necessary to allow the sugar liquor so far as possible to descend by gravitation during the different processes, and so to avoid pumping.

[4] This explains the exterior of the sugar refinery Java, that the Amsterdamsche Stoom Suikerraffinaderij built in 1846–1847.

Barend was succeeded by his son Marten (1748-1808), who married Lamberdina Kooij in 1774, and Cornelia Margaretha la Grand in 1778.

It is supposed that Kooij and Nijhoff used the profits to gain complete ownership of the partnership, while retaining the name.

[5] Traces of M. Udink & Co.'s activities are found in 1821, when the frigate Vrederijk sailed to Berbice and potential passengers could address themselves to M. Udink & Co.[6] In 1828 and 1833 the coppered frigates Marco Bozzaris (1824) and Zeemanshoop (1826) were mentioned as managed by the firm.

[10] On 1 January 1834 Joannes Kooij became a managing director of the Netherlands Trading Society, which was a very profitable position.

The reason for becoming a partner at such a young age was that his father could no longer be officially involved in such a business after becoming a director of the Netherlands Trading Society.

It ordered the construction of the big ships Neptunes, Admiraal Jan Evertsen, Triton, Sara Alida Maria, Waterloo and Philips van Marnix.

[12] Barend Kooij Joanneszoon now formally managed the shipping company on his own, but was no doubt still assisted by his father.

On 31 December 1843 the president of the Netherlands Trading Society, H.C. van der Houven retired.

He also came into conflict with Van der Oudermeulen on the subject of his other activities and on 1 January 1848 he retired from the NHM.

He became a member of the Amsterdam municipality in September 1851 and lived in the prestigious house Keizer Adolf at Keizersgracht 203, where he kept a large collection of paintings.

The relatively large sugar refinery "L'Union" was situated on the northern side of the Bloemgracht at number 148.

[20] Bickerseiland was situated in the Westerdok, a wet dock that allowed ships to anchor very close to the quays.

In effect, the refinery got a pier that allowed ships to directly unload bags of raw sugar to the factory.

[20] After the death of Barend Kooij, his father Joannes began to wind down the shipping business.

[27] On 9 April 1856 a public limited company (in Dutch law a: Naamloze vennootschap) was then founded to continue his sugar refinery business.

B. Kooij's widow Sara Alida Maria van der Meulen took 1,000 shares for herself and their nine underage children.

The Amsterdamsche Stoom Suikerraffinaderij reacted by letting the "Schoonenburg" refinery on the Bloemgracht remain idle in 1861 and 1862.

In 1858 a sugar factory was built in Zevenbergen, North Brabant, it employed about 280 people in shifts.

[33] In 1861 a beet sugar factory with 5 steam engines and 250 employees began to operate in Dubbeldam.

[35] In 1867 the situation deteriorated again, but the Amsterdamsche Stoom Suikerraffinaderij processed 14 million kg of sugar.

It led to Dutch refineries temporarily operating on new markets and making high profits.

[40] However, the concentration process had continued since 1856, and by August 1872, only 9 sugar refineries were left in Amsterdam.

[51] On 5 February 1876 a final meeting was held to close the accounts of the company and to distribute the money that was left.