Muslims from North Africa crossed the Strait of Gibraltar in 711 and established the Caliphate of Córdoba in the southern part of the Iberian peninsula, which they called Al-Andalus.
The Byzantine emperor Constantine VII sent a copy of Dioscorides' pharmacopeia to Caliph Abd al-Rahman III, and also sent a monk named Nicolas to translate the book into Arabic.
[1] Ibn al-Awamm's Kitab al Filaha is considered the most important and encyclopedic of the medieval writings from the European west, but it was relatively unknown in Northwestern Europe until the 19th century when it was first translated into French and Spanish.
The Syrian pomegranate was brought to Al-Andalus by a returning ambassador where it was planted in Bunila (modern day Casarabonela, Malaga) in 780 AD.
[1] Ibn Luyun is exception, and most treatises classify species based on morphological qualities like aroma, and the color and shape of flowers.
Cupressus sempervirens, (Sarw, sarwal) - was also a decorative plant used along garden walls for appearance, near the gate, pool, and along paths and angles.