Anderson Township's earliest settlement came in 1788, when pioneer Benjamin Stites settled near the mouth of the Little Miami River.

The township was organized in 1793 as part of the Virginia Military District and was bounded by the Ohio and Little Miami Rivers, and the mouth of the Eight Mile Creek to the east.

The township was important during its early days as the site of Flinn's Ford, the southernmost crossing of the Little Miami River.

Anderson Township remained mainly undeveloped forest and agricultural land until post-World War II suburbanization brought new infrastructure to the community.

The population grew by an average of 1,000 persons per year from the 1950s through the early 1990s bringing massive residential and commercial developments to the area.

[6] Anderson Township became a qualified Tree City USA as recognized by the National Arbor Day Foundation in 2009.

The western border does not follow any land or water feature but is instead defined by a straight line extending due south from the confluence of the Little Miami River's East Fork and main channels.

Washington and California, are functionally exclaves of the City of Cincinnati, as they are impossible to reach via land or water without crossing into territory administered by Anderson Township (which controls the Little Miami River as it exists within Hamilton County).

Washington (just barely) achieves its connection to California via a narrow terrestrial tract of land that spans approximately 1,000 feet (300 meters).

[3] The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1.

Interstate 275 crosses the Ohio River into Kentucky near the southern border of the township on the Combs-Hehl Bridge.

Cincinnati Municipal Lunken Airport (IATA: LUK) provides private and limited amounts of commercial air service and is located immediately southwest of the township near the confluence of the Ohio and Little Miami Rivers.

Forest Hills Local School District serves an approximate student population of 7,655 in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade.