Anglicism
In this specific sense, loan translations and calques are excluded (as well as words that are etymologically derived from languages related to modern French).
[1] There are experts who propose a more detailed framework such as the model of anglicism adaptation that transpires on four levels: orthographic, phonological, morphological, and semantic.
'public vehicle', in Mainland China or Taiwan) is usually called "巴士"; (baa1 si6-2) in Hong Kong and Macao because its Cantonese pronunciation is similar to its English counterpart.
The anglicisms can be divided to four types: direct phonetic imitation, lexical and grammatical calques, and contamination of orthography.
The same example is rendered in Finnish as Syömättä ei elä, where a separate grammatical impersonal (also known as passiivi) is used.
Failure to join the words or omitting the hyphen can be either an honest mistake, or contamination from English.
A distinction is made between well-established English borrowings into French, and other words and structures regarded as incorrect.
The term anglicisme is often pejorative, carries a large amount of political weight, and frequently denotes an excessive use of English in the French language.
Although efforts in Quebec have been met with some success (e.g., fin de semaine for week-end), attempts by the Académie have largely been unsuccessful.
[6] The Académie regularly updates a list of prescribed linguistic norms, many of which include using suggested French replacements instead of anglicisms (e.g., mot-dièse for hashtag).
Other replacements have various forms created by the Académie and Office québécois de la langue française.
In Quebec, anglicisms are never used in formal documentation (government papers, instruction sheets) and very rarely used in informal writing (magazines, journals).
In 1993, the French passed the legislation Loi Toubon which forbids the use of anglicisms (or those from other languages) in commercial and government publications.
For example, the valediction sincèrement vôtre is regarded as an anglicism, since it is a direct translation of the English "sincerely yours".
For instance, one attested origin of the verb "to flirt" cites influence from the Old French expression conter fleurette, which means "to (try to) seduce".
The term Denglisch is however mostly reserved for forced, excessive exercises in anglicisation, or pseudo-anglicisation, of the German language.
[13] Ever since Latvia regained its independence, there has been an influx of anglicisms into the Latvian language due to the fact that media in English is more accessible than ever.
[14] The first proper anglicisms were also related to geography and were recorded in an 18th-century work Geografia, czyli opisanie naturalne, historyczne i praktyczne krajów we czterech częściach się zawierające by Franciszek Siarczyński.
[15] The anglicisms recorded in the 19th century were in large part words related to social, political, legal and economic concepts used in English society and lacking corresponding institutions in contemporary Poland.
[14] Typically new words were initially being written in their original form, especially when they were used to describe English or American contexts.
Such was the case of the word budget, first recorded as such in 1792 in relation to English economy, but soon also used in Polish context.
Early 19th century Dictionary of the Polish Language by Samuel Linde includes the following anglicisms: foksal (after London's suburb of Vauxhall; meaning an evening garden party in contemporary Polish), galon, klub, kwakier, piknik, poncz, rum and porter.
Since Spanglish arises independently in each region, it reflects the locally spoken varieties of English and Spanish.
[18] Urdish (a portmanteau of the words "Urdu" and "English") is used, when referring to code-switching between the two languages (this also applies to other varieties of Hindustani, including Hindi).
