Animal vaccination
[2] The production of such vaccines encounter issues in relation to the economic difficulties of individuals, the government and companies.
[5][6] Animal vaccines have been found to be the most cost effective and sustainable methods of controlling infectious veterinary diseases.
[9] Starting in 1881, dried spinal cord material from infected rabbits was given to dogs to inoculate them against rabies.
[10] The French National Academy of Medicine and the world saw this feat as a breakthrough, and thus many scientists started to collaborate and further Pasteur's work.
Whereas, government-controlled diseases are controlled by government policy, the main issue here is if the vaccine is expensive it therefore becomes less available to poor farmers.
[14] For example, the reason why dog transmitted rabies is taking time to eradicate is because it only affects the developing world, thus it is not able to be produced on a large and profitable scale.
It has been suggested that regulations are converged between regions and all animal vaccines can be standardised with the same RNA or DNA backbone.
[14] Some other solutions include: free rabies vaccine programs, subsidies as needed, form partnerships across regions (mainly in terms of vaccine banks), a decrease in government taxes, providing positive incentives for disease recording, and building partnerships between global and local manufacturers.
[20] The vaccine for rabies can be administered prior or post to being infected, as a result of the long incubation period of the disease.
In Bangladesh there was a mass dog vaccination campaign between 2010 and 2013, this resulted in a 50% decrease in rabies related deaths.
An example of a 'One Health' vaccine, where it can be distributed to both humans and animals, that is currently going through clinical trials is Rift Valley Fever.
Associate Professor Warimwe from the University of Oxford states that this approach accelerates the design and development of the vaccine, and it also saves time and money.
[24] Pets has grown at a fast rate over time as owners are concerned for their companion animals' health.
[24] In contrast farmed animal vaccines generally only produced when there is a zoonotic disease or it had a significant effect on international trade.
This form of inoculation is the closest to the actual infection, and thus it has been seen to have a stronger effect than the other types of conventional vaccines.
There is a potential for unintended outcomes if another being other than the target species takes the vaccine, and there have been instances where this type of vaccine creates false positives when animals are tested and therefore rids a country of their disease free status (as has been seen through Foot and Mouth Disease, FMD).
The inactivation occurs through chemical or physical treatment which either denatures the protein or damages the nucleic acid.
The animal's immune system recognises the expressed protein as foreign, and this can lead to a cellular or humeral response.
This type of vaccine uses a vector to deliver either one or multiple proteins to the immune system of the animal.
Domestic chickens have been vaccinated against Pasteurella anatis using bacterial outer membrane vesicles purified by hydrostatic filtration dialysis.
