Annulus (mathematics)

The area of an annulus is the difference in the areas of the larger circle of radius R and the smaller one of radius r: The area of an annulus is determined by the length of the longest line segment within the annulus, which is the chord tangent to the inner circle, 2d in the accompanying diagram.

That can be shown using the Pythagorean theorem since this line is tangent to the smaller circle and perpendicular to its radius at that point, so d and r are sides of a right-angled triangle with hypotenuse R, and the area of the annulus is given by The area can also be obtained via calculus by dividing the annulus up into an infinite number of annuli of infinitesimal width dρ and area 2πρ dρ and then integrating from ρ = r to ρ = R: The area of an annulus sector (the region between two circular sectors with overlapping radii) of angle θ, with θ measured in radians, is given by In complex analysis an annulus ann(a; r, R) in the complex plane is an open region defined as If

As a subset of the complex plane, an annulus can be considered as a Riemann surface.

The Hadamard three-circle theorem is a statement about the maximum value a holomorphic function may take inside an annulus.

The Joukowsky transform conformally maps an annulus onto an ellipse with a slit cut between foci.