[2] It is often seen as a species complex including at least seven[3][4] closely related and efficient forest-based malaria vectors in Asia.

Hence, its geographical distribution is overlapping with areas of high malaria prevalence rates and the occurrence of drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum.

Sympatric sibling species of the complex differ in types of larval habitat, seasonality and behaviour.

[7] One of the species in the complex has also been reported from Shimoga in South India although its vectorial status is unknown.

[9] Cramer et al 2021 use zooprophylaxis-aided ivermectin-based vector elimination (ZAIVE), injecting cattle with the antiparasitic and getting at least 30 days of increased mortality in this species and An.