[6] In 1930, he graduated from the Royal Conservatory of Liège in Belgium, where he studied singing under maestro François Malherbe.
Among the students in his voice studio were Andrei Christiansen, Jaan Haabjärv [et], Naan Põld [et], and Eino Uuli [et].
[3] He also sang at the Vanemuine Theater[3] and taught singing at the Põlva Public Education Society [et], where he served as chairman of the board.
[3] In Montreal he conducted the Estonian male choir, and he also worked as an apartment building office manager, a farmer, a restaurant owner, and a high school Latin teacher.
the Mihakailov [ru] Committee),[7] a "redefection" campaign that sought to persuade political exiles to relocate to the USSR.