This shows that he had possessions on both sides of the Flemish march, in both the Kingdom of France and the Holy Roman Empire.
[4] Late in life, in the years before he died, the Vita Balderici, written in Liège, reports that Arnulf's fort at Valenciennes had come under pressure from the County of Flanders.
[5] Arnulf's widow Lietgarde, struggling to maintain herself under pressure from Flanders, attempted to travel to Liège, but was taken captive by Count Lambert I of Louvain.
These rights in Hanret became part of the possessions of the new Cathedral of St James which Bishop Balderic founded in Liège.
[6] His mother was named as a Countess Bertha, in documents concerning grants she made in favour of Sint-Truiden Abbey just before she died in 967.
[7] Not only was her son and heir a Count Arnulf, but Dhondt and Vanderkindere pointed to a shared connection to the Pagus of Caribant [fr], near Lille about 45 km west of Valenciennes and in the kingdom of France.
This relationship was noted in two later Liège documents, the Vita (life story) of Balderic himself, and a falsified charter, supposedly made 1015.