The succeeding Republic of China lost effective control of Mongolia in 1921 and an independence referendum was held in 1945.

Australia only recognised Mongolia as independent from the Republic of China (Taiwan) in February 1967, despite Taiwanese objections.

[5][6] In February 2011, then-Prime Minister of Mongolia Sükhbaataryn Batbold became the first Mongolian head of government[3] to visit Australia.

[2] In 2018, the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade remarked that over 7000 Mongolian students were studying in Australia.

[15] The Australian National University's Mongolia Institute was founded in 2013 to promote Mongolian studies in Oceania.