Axelle Kabou

Her 1991 book Et si l'Afrique refusait le developpement (And if Africa Denies Development?)

Nowadays various African intellectuals such as Roger Tagri, George Ayittey, Andrew Mwenda, James Shikwati and Chika Onyeani agree with her analysis, Robert Mugabe being one of the most prominent examples of criticism.

It enhanced the sharp criticism of Brigitte Erler[3] against classical German foreign aid concepts.

According to Kabou, classical development aid combined naivety and a willingness to support local rulers.

Whitewash, pretext and excuses served to connect foreign aid workers and local corrupt rulers in a useless common ritual.