[1] At the beginning the publisher aimed to provide a forum for literary, scholarly, historical and political exchanges, as well as for the spread of information.

[3] Editor-in-chief of the first volume was Mirza Reza Khan Modabber-al-Mamalek, the later editor of Tamaddon (1920).

Abbas Khalili, who also published Eqdām [Fa] newspaper (1921), acted as editor-in-chief of the second volume.

Well-known examples include works of Victor Hugo and Rousseau as well as Lermontov's "Demon".

[3] Discussions of contemporary Persian literature and literary criticism became increasingly popular among readers.