Balgheim lies in a basin on the edge of the Baar at the foot of the Swabian Jura and the Dreifaltigkeitsberg (Holy Trinity Mountain).

Balgheim is bordered by Böttingen to the north, Dürbheim to the southeast, Rietheim-Weilheim to the south, and the city Spaichingen to the west.

In 1420 it was sold to the Free Imperial City Rottweil, where it remained until 1689, after which its rule changed often until it became part of Württemberg in 1806.

The Bundesstraße 14 (federal highway) between Rottweil and Tuttlingen passes by the east edge of Balgheim.

On workdays the Ringzug (train) provides hourly connections to Rottweil, Tuttlingen and Geisingen-Leiferdingen.