It is a small village, known as the birthplace of the medieval condottiero Alberico da Barbiano.
The pieve (rural church) around which Barbiano formed is known from 826, when Pope Eugene II gave it to Everard, a son of the last king of the Lombards, Desiderius.
This fortress was destroyed on 16 May 1409, a month after the death of the condottiero Alberico da Barbiano, lord of the village's fief.
In 1796 it was the seat of an ambush against French occupation troops, a feat which led, in retaliation, to the ravage of Barbiano and Lugo on 30 June/8 July.
During World War II, Barbiano was captured by the 2nd New Zealand Infantry Division on 9/10 April 1945, after six months of bombardments.