[1] He discovered a toxic fume, eponymously named "Gosio gas", which is produced by microorganisms, that killed many people.

He identified the chemical nature of the gas as an arsenic compound (arsine), but incorrectly named it as diethylarsine.

Though the original compound was abandoned in clinical practice due to its adverse effects, its chemical derivative mycophenolate mofetil became the drug of choice as an immunosuppressant in kidney, heart, and liver transplantations.

His father Giacomo Gosio, a veterinarian, died just when Bartolomeo completed his elementary education, and he was brought up by his mother Antonietta Troya.

He was appointed at the Laboratory of Bacteriology and Chemistry of the National Hygiene Institute (Istituto Superiore di Sanità) in Rome.

Suspecting the source of the epidemic as coming from the environment, he tested moulds growing inside the houses.

[7] Although it is not commercialised as antibiotic due to its adverse effects, its modified compound (ester derivative) is an approved immunosuppressant drug in kidney, heart, and liver transplantations, and is marketed under the brands CellCept (mycophenolate mofetil; Roche) and Myfortic (mycophenolate sodium; Novartis).