[1] Meanwhile, the Georgian army, led by General Giorgi Kvinitadze, launched a counter-offensive to reclaim Artvin and Ardahan.

Kvinitadze had previously occupied Akhaltsikhe and Akhalkalaki, two towns in the former Russian province of Kars, on 20 April 1919.

The Turks retreated from Artvin and headed towards Ardahan, where they hoped to regroup and resist the Georgian advance.

The Georgians also gained access to the Port of Batumi, which the Turks had previously declared neutral, on the condition that they ensured the economic interests of both countries.

[7] Artvin and Ardahan were annexed by Turkey in the Treaty of Kars in October 1921, ending the Georgian presence in the region.