[1] The Imperial Japanese Army launched a major offensive into Guangxi province with the intention of eliminating the Chinese supply route through French-controlled Vietnam.

After occupying Nanning in November 1939, the Japanese captured the key point of Kunlun Pass and were poised to attack the Chinese forces that protected Chongqing, the wartime capital.

Realizing that inaction would result in being cut off, General Bai Chongxi, himself a native of Guangxi, asked the Nationalist Government for reinforcements.

Faced with the serious possibility of being completely cut off, the Japanese army ended up relying on air power for the delivery of vital supplies.

Before Major General Nakamura's death, he admitted in his diary that the Chinese soldiers' fighting ability had surpassed the Russians whom the Brigade encountered in Manchuria.

Colonel Miki Kichinosuke (三木吉之助) continued serving as the commander of the 21st regiment until October 1940, and died of illness on 26 February 1944.

The only notable officers confirmed to have been killed in the battle of Kunlun Pass are Major General Nakamura and two company commanders.

Moreover, Du Yuming in his eulogy for the fallen soldiers of the Fifth Corps said that in the three-month battle of Southern Guangxi from November 1939 until January 1940, his army had 4000 soldiers killed in action, less than his initial report of losses for just the battle of Kunlun Pass, which would mean that he exaggerated his army's losses in his report to the Fourth War Zone for this campaign.