First battle: Armenian victory[1][2]Second Battle: Turkish victory Armenia captures eastern part of OltuAfter Second Battle Armenian resistance during Hamidian massacres Armenians in World War I Armenian resistance during the Armenian genocide Caucasus campaign First Republic of ArmeniaCaucasus campaign Armenian–Azerbaijani war Armeno-Georgian War Turkish–Armenian War Soviet-Armenian conflict The Battles of Oltu were two armed conflicts; the first (18–25 June 1920) took place between Armenia and Turkish militias in the Oltu region, which at this time was part of Armenia.

[3] The second battle was fought on 3–5 September 1920, marking the beginning of the Turkish-Armenian War, and consisted of Turkish forces driving the Armenians out of Oltu.

[citation needed] The conflict arose when the Democratic Republic of Georgia failed to maintain control over the district of Oltu, and local Muslim warlords[8][better source needed] assumed control in their stead.

On 16 June 1920 Armenian forces invaded the eastern half of the Oltu district, annexing it to Armenia.

[citation needed] In response, General Kâzım Karabekir led four Turkish battalions into the district on 3 September and drove the Armenians out.