Berlin pedestal relief

Each prisoner has a cartouche with the name of his country of origin: The proposal that Berlin pedestal (ÄM 21687) may contain a reference to Israel has been rejected by other scholars.

[2][3] The dating of the Berlin pedestal is difficult to establish because it was not discovered in situ and has no provenance.

Based on the writing itself, the Berlin pedestal is reminiscent of a spelling from the 18th Dynasty of Egypt in the time period c. 1550-1292 B.C.E.

Considering the historical reality of central highlands of Canaan and New Kingdom's Pharaohs' conquests, some researchers proposed that the Berlin pedestal was most likely written during the reign of Horemheb (1319-1292 BC) or Ramessess II (1279-1213 BC) as there was no Israel-like entity in the central highlands during the early and mid-18th Dynasty of Egypt, none of the Pharaohs from this period, e.g., Thutmose III, Amenhotep III, etc.

recorded such entity in their topographical lists, and only Horemheb and Ramessess II are among the Pharaohs after this period who made military conquests in the central highlands of Canaan.