The Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic or Bessarabian SSR (Romanian: Republica Sovietică Socialistă Basarabeană, RSS Basarabeană; Russian: Бессарабская Советская Социалистическая Республика, romanized: Bessarabskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika, Бессарабская ССР, Bessarabskaya SSR) was a revolutionary committee created under the patronage of Soviet Russia to establish a Soviet republic within Bessarabia.

While the government was disbanded later in 1919, the idea was revived during the Tatarbunary Uprising, when another committee held control over some villages in southern Bessarabia for a few days in September 1924.

The Bessarabian SSR was proclaimed on 5 May 1919 in Odessa at the 2nd Regional Bolshevik Conference as a "Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government in exile" and established on 11 May 1919 in Tiraspol as an autonomous part of Russian SFSR.

The self-proclaimed government of the Bessarabian SSR never managed to control any part of Bessarabia, which on 9 April 1918 united with Romania.

This aided the Soviet Union in its continued desire to retake Bessarabia, which it succeeded in doing twenty years later.