A nobleman Günther von Bieberstein who named himself after the castle was first mentioned in a document of 1218.
Originally, the castle consisted of two parts called Ober- and Niederbieberstein.
It was successively acquired by various members of the family von Schönberg.
Gotthelf Friedrich von Schönberg (1631–1708), counsellor of the Saxon prince-elector, bought the castle in 1656, had most of its upper part pulled down to the foundation walls in 1666 and had it rebuilt into its present-day shape.
The outside staircase on the western side and the interior stairway with four flights were built between 1710 and 1720.