Bitter electromagnet

Bitter electromagnets have been used to achieve the strongest continuous manmade magnetic fields on earth―up to 45 teslas, as of 2011[update].

The purpose of the stacked plate design is to withstand the enormous outward mechanical pressure produced by Lorentz forces due to the magnetic field acting on the moving electric charges in the plate, which increase with the square of the magnetic field strength.

The Florida Bitter plates will flex less due to the reduced stresses, and the elongated cooling holes will always be in partial alignment despite any flexure the discs experience.

This will reduce the efficiency and cause additional complications in the system because there will be a more substantial temperature and stress gradient along the disc.

The equation for the on-axis magnetic flux density of a Bitter disc becomes much more complex as a result.

The introduction of a space factor must be included to compensate for variations in the disc related to cooling and mounting holes.

In 2019, another partially-superconducting electromagnet achieved the world record for a static DC magnetic field: 45.5 T.[9]

Diamagnetic forces acting upon the water within its body levitating a live frog inside the 3.2 cm vertical bore of a Bitter solenoid at the Nijmegen High Field Magnet Laboratory, Nijmegen, Netherlands. The magnetic field was about 16 teslas . Video is available. [ 1 ]
Plate from a 16 T Bitter magnet, 40 cm diameter, made of copper. In operation it carries a current of 20 kiloamperes
The most powerful electromagnet in the world, the 45 T hybrid Bitter-superconducting magnet at the US National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida, USA