Black and white hat symbolism in film

[1] The book Investigating Information Society said the convention was arbitrarily imposed by filmmakers in the genre with the expectation that audiences would understand the categorizations.

The book said, "The difference, of course, has to do with particular cultural conceptions of gender and sexuality and the context within which white is worn.

In the 21st century, Western films referenced and spun the convention in different ways.

[4] In the 2007 film 3:10 to Yuma, a remake of the 1957 film, a henchman hiring local gunmen to free his boss from jail, tells them not to shoot at "the black hat", a light reference to the convention.

[6] The series re-uses the trope with another character, Logan, who dons a black cowboy hat before shooting up a saloon.