Bodies Under Siege: Self-mutilation in Culture and Psychiatry is a book written by psychiatrist Dr. Armando Favazza, and published in 1987.
Favazza's classification divides self-harm behaviors into two major categories, namely Culturally Sanctioned and Deviant.
Ritual body modification behaviors are traditional and reflect the history, spiritualism, and beliefs of a society.
They are culturally and psychologically embedded in profound, elemental experiences especially connected to healing, spirituality, and social orderliness.
Understanding body modification rituals sheds light on Deviant behaviors which, in Favazza's classification, include Major, Stereotypic, Compulsive, and Impulsive.