Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome

[2][3] Dogs experiencing a crisis situation due to brachycephalic syndrome typically benefit from oxygen, cool temperatures, sedatives, and in some cases more advanced medical intervention, including intubation.

[1] Other anatomical factors that are involved include aberrant cochae, skull confirmation, macroglossia, glottic stenosis, and tracheal hypoplasia.

Other brachycephalic breeds include: the Pekingese, Shih Tzu, Lhasa Apso, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Boxer, Dogue de BordeauxBrussels Griffon, and Bullmastiff.

These include swollen/everted laryngeal saccules, which further reduce the airway, collapsed larynx, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease caused by the increased lung workload.

[5] To avoid producing affected dogs, breeders may choose to breed for more moderate features rather than for extremely short or flat faces.

In 2014, the Dutch government passed the Animals Act and the Animal Keepers Act, and subsequent enforcement caused the Dutch Kennel Club (Raad van Beheer) in 2020 to announce they were restricting registrations within 12 dog breeds based on snout length, and encouraging outcrosses to other breeds, while promising that future generations may be eligible for registration as purebreds.

The English bulldog , a typically brachycephalic dog breed , may have brachycephalic syndrome.
A Peke-face Exotic shorthair .
This diagram illustrates what the airway structure looks like in a brachycephalic dog; in this case, a Boxer.
1. Nasal cavity 2. Oral cavity 3. Soft palate 4. Pharynx 5. Larynx 6. Trachea 7. Esophagus 8. Nasopharynx 9. Hard palate
The brachycephalic dog has a shorter snout which causes the airway to be shorter, that means all the parts that make up the airway get compressed. Due to this phenomenon, a brachycephalic dog has an elongated soft palate which can cause most of the problems with the dog's breathing. They can also have problems getting enough air in because of their elongated soft palate and shorter airway.
Breeds with less extreme brachycephalia, such as the Boxer , have less compromised thermoregulation and thus are more tolerant of vigorous exercise and heat.
Exophthalmos in a pug