Bubble sensor

They play a vital role in many fields, including medical technology, process control, pharmaceuticals, and the petroleum industry.

A second method involves pulse-echo, sound waves are transmitted to the fluid, reflected and received by the same transmitter that sent it.

[1] Due to their ease of fabrication and minimization capability, Capacitive sensors have found uses in a number of industries and can be efficiently designed on a printed circuit board.

Liquids have a higher dielectric constant than gas; when an air bubble is in a fluid-filled tube the capacitance is reduced and the output voltage rises.

When a bubble equal to or greater than the threshold is detected an audio and visual alarm is generated and the arterial pump is stopped, this effectively terminates the cardiopulmonary bypass.