In some locations, such as Pagatan in South Kalimantan, the Bugis established a distinct diaspora identity, while in other areas, including Batavia (now Jakarta), Central Java, and Siam (now Thailand), their descendants assimilated into the larger local communities.

This expansion created new opportunities that drew Bugis settlers, for instance in regions like Johor, where the authorities actively encouraged migration to boost economic development.

[2] The fall of Makassar had a significant impact, prompting a large-scale migration towards the Malay regions and other areas including Bali, Java, Borneo and Aceh.

This migration led to the Bugis establishing significant settlements and playing key roles in the socio-political landscapes of several Malay sultanates, including Johor-Riau-Lingga-Pahang, Selangor and Kalimantan during periods of political instability.

Their settlements in places like Linggi and Siak highlighted their expansion and integration into the socio-political fabric of the Malay Archipelago, making them notable figures in the region's historical development.

Prior to this migration, Bugis traders had already established a presence in the Malay regions during the Malacca Sultanate period, being recognized as prominent merchants in the eastern islands.

This strategic move not only secured their power but also ensured the stability and growth of Selangor under Bugis leadership, making it a significant political entity in the region.

Similar apprehensions had arisen during Raja Kecik's rule, leading to attempts to block Bugis movements through Naning to prevent attacks on Rembau.

Their alliances with local Malay rulers against external threats, including Siamese ambitions and rival factions within the Sultanate, underscored their strategic importance in regional politics.

Through their adept military strategy and adaptive leadership, the Bugis not only bolstered Kedah's defenses but also contributed to its economic stability through maritime trade and resource management.

Their legacy in Kedah highlights the enduring impact of Bugis influence on shaping the Sultanate's political trajectory and fostering alliances crucial for regional stability and growth.

The Bugis' ability to navigate and dominate the complex political landscapes of Kalimantan underscored their strategic acumen and adaptability, making them indispensable allies and powerful rulers in these regions.

[5] The Bugis significantly impacted various regions in Southeast Asia, notably influencing the political and economic landscapes of Siak, Perak, Singapore, Melaka, Jambi, Palembang, Bangka-Belitung, Terengganu, Sarawak and Patani.

Leaders such as Daeng Selili were instrumental in maintaining coastal security and forming strategic alliances through marriage, which facilitated their integration into Perak's socio-political framework.

Through their roles in governance, defense, and economic activities, the Bugis played a significant part in shaping regional dynamics and maintaining a lasting legacy across Southeast Asia.

Tuhfat al-Nafis, attributed to Raja Ali Haji, details the history of the Malay-Bugis political structure during the 18th century, focusing on key events, alliances and conflicts within the Johor-Riau-Lingga Sultanate.

Though often attributed to Raja Ali Haji, research has focused on its transcription and translation, revealing its importance in understanding the integration of Bugis culture and its impact on Malay society.

This arrangement effectively positioned the Bugis as co-rulers and influential decision-makers, thereby reshaping the political landscape of the Johor-Riau Malay kingdom and demonstrating the evolving nature of regional alliances and power structures during this period.

if one ever betrayed calamity by Allah till his descendants..." The traditional attire and textiles of the Bugis-Malay people reflect a blend of cultural influences and historical evolution, showcasing a unique sartorial heritage.

[12] For women, traditional attire typically features the Baju Bodo, distinguished by its Bugis cuts and a belt, paired with a kain selish (a type of sarong).

Renowned for its weaving and intricate patterns, refined by the Bugis leader Tok Tuan or Keraing Aji, Kain Tenun Pahang is used for both men's samping and women's sarongs or dresses.

[13] The Bugis keris, originating from South Sulawesi and extending to the Malay Peninsula, southern Sumatra and the Riau-Lingga archipelago, is a distinctive dagger known for its unique blade and hilt designs.

The Poja Dance, performed during significant events like the opening of the Sultan Alam Shah Museum, is structured into three segments that celebrate and honor guests through specific movements and gestures.

[16] Meanwhile, the Tarian Zapin Cemara, believed to have originated from Sabak Bernam, is celebrated for its distinctive style and meaningful connection to local cultural traditions.

[18] The layout of Bugis-Malay houses in the Malay Peninsula typically features multiple sections or lontang, reflecting the traditional Bugis emphasis on spatial organization.

Unlike the open-plan designs found in South Sulawesi, houses in the Malay Peninsula often include partitions, catering to local preferences for privacy and functional separation.

Additionally, these houses commonly have a front section, known as ri saliweng, for receiving visitors, and a veranda or lego-lego, which serves as a communal space for relaxation and social interaction.

This adaptation aligns with cultural norms and practical needs, demonstrating how the Bugis community in the Malay Peninsula has successfully preserved key aspects of their heritage while blending with local traditions and environmental conditions.

This shift to "Raja" symbolized the integration and acculturation between Malay and Bugis cultures within the sultanate, aiming to harmonize their social structures and reduce ethnic distinctions.

Traditional foods such as burasak, lepat loi, barongko, bejabuk (serunding), and nasu mettih (asam pedas ikan parang) are often served at significant events like weddings and the Hari Raya festival.