CD28 family receptor

CD28 receptors aid in other T cell processes such as cytoskeletal remodeling, production of cytokines and chemokines and intracellular biochemical reactions (i.e. phosphorylation, transcriptional signaling, and metabolism) that are key for T cell proliferation and differentiation.

Ligation of CD28 receptors causes epigenetic, transcriptional and post-translational alterations in T cells.

Specifically, CD28 costimulation controls many aspects within T cells, one being the expression of proinflammatory cytokine genes.

[9] Antibodies directed against CD28 family members CTLA-4, PD-1, or their B7 ligands function as checkpoint inhibitors to overcome tumor immune tolerance and are clinically used in cancer immunotherapy.

[9] Additionally, genetically engineered T cells containing CD28 and CD137 can be used in a molecularly targeted therapy response to a type of carcinomas called mesothelin.

CD28 has effects on the transcription and stability of interleukin-2 and IFN-γ, cytokines that are important for immunity and stimulating NK cells.

CD28 signaling has a large role in the adaptive response to HCV and can increase morbidity for HCV/HIV coinfection within a subject.

CD28 costimulation with the Tat protein can contribute to chronic immune hyperactivation seen among HIV-infected individuals.