Caproni Ca.60

The Ca.60 was further damaged when the wreck was towed to shore and, in spite of Caproni's intention to rebuild the aircraft, the project was soon abandoned because of its excessive cost.

[5] The idea of a large multi-engined flying boat designed for carrying passengers on long-range flights was considered, at the time, rather eccentric.

[6] Caproni thought, however, that such an aircraft could allow faster travel to remote areas than ground or water transport, and that investing in innovative aerial means would be a less expensive strategy than improving traditional thoroughfares.

On the contrary, he thought that a new generation of airliners (featuring extended range and increased payload capacity, the latter in turn allowing a reduction in cost per passenger) had to supersede the converted leftovers from the war.

[N 4] In spite of criticism from some important figures in Italian aviation, especially aerial warfare theorist Giulio Douhet,[6] Caproni started designing a very innovative aircraft, which he patented in 1919.

First of all, he conceived his large seaplane as a multi-engine aircraft featuring enough motors to allow it to keep flying even in case of the failure of one or more of them.

The earliest reference to this event is found in a French daily newspaper of August 10, 1919, and perhaps the first parts were built in the Caproni factory of Vizzola Ticino.

In September an air fair took place at the Caproni factory in Taliedo, not far from Milan, during which the new, ambitious project was heavily publicized.

[9] At the end of the year, the construction yard was visited by United States Ambassador to Italy Robert Underwood Johnson, who admired Caproni's exceptional aircraft.

[12] Each set of three wings was obtained by the direct reuse of the lifting surfaces of the triplane bomber Caproni Ca.4; after the end of the war several aircraft of this type were cannibalized in order to build the Transaereo.

[13] Wings had a positive dihedral angle, which contributed to stabilizing the aircraft on the roll axis; Caproni also expected the Transaereo to be very stable on the pitch axis because of the tandem-triplane configuration, for the aft wing set was supposed to act as a very big and efficient stabilizer; he said that the huge aircraft could "be flown with just one hand on the controls.

[18] Operations were carried on among problems and obstacles until February 6, when Caproni was informed that 30 wing ribs had broken and needed to be repaired before the beginning of test flights.

[19] On February 9, finally, the Transaereo was put in the water its engines running smoothly and it started taxiing on the surface of the lake.

The aircraft had proved responsive to the controls, maneuverable and stable; it seemed to be too light towards the bow and at the end of the day some water was found to have leaked inside the fuselage, but Caproni was satisfied.

[20] On the next day, after reconsidering some of his calculations, Caproni decided to load the bow of the Transaereo with ballast before carrying out further tests, in order to keep the aircraft from pitching up excessively.

On February 12 or March 2, 1921,[N 1] the bow of the aircraft loaded with 300 kg (660 lb) of ballast, the Transaereo reached the speed of 80 km/h (43 kn; 50 mph) and took off for the first time.

[22] Caproni, coming from Vizzola Ticino by automobile, was delayed, and only arrived on the shore of Lake Maggiore after the Transaereo had crashed.

[22] Another theory suggests the aforementioned boat was a ferry loaded with passengers and Semprini (who was only performing some taxiing trials, for he did not mean to take off before Caproni's arrival on the spot) was suddenly compelled to take off, in spite of the insufficient speed, to avoid a collision.

[23] According to more recent theories, the cause of the accident was probably the sandbags that had been placed in the aircraft to simulate the weight of passengers: not having been fastened to the seats, they may have slid to the back of the fuselage when, upon takeoff, the Transaereo suddenly pitched up.

[24] The flying boat had sustained heavy damage in the crash, but the rear two-thirds of the fuselage and the central and aft wing sets were almost intact.

After initial discouragement, however, on March 6 Caproni was already considering design modifications to carry on the project of a 100-passenger transatlantic flying boat.

However, even though Bonomi actually became Prime Minister in July, more urgent political priorities ultimately caused the project of the Transaereo to be abandoned.

[3] These fragments are on display at the Volandia aviation museum, in the Province of Varese, hosted in the former industrial premises of the Caproni company at Vizzola Ticino.

The Transaereo under construction in Sesto Calende . Gianni Caproni is sitting on the left side outrigger .
Scale model of the Transaereo, at the Volandia museum. Note the central push-pull nacelle, with pull-only nacelles on either side, and the open cockpits for pilots (on top of the main cabin) and flight engineer (in the central nacelle).
Only one of the eight Liberty L-12 engines of the Transeaereo survives, shown here on display at the Caproni Museum .
A Transaereo engine control panel, on display at the Caproni Museum . Switches and lights communicated orders from pilots to flight engineers.
The Transaereo on Lake Maggiore.
A period scale model of the Transaereo, on display at the Gianni Caproni Museum of Aeronautics. The position of the left outrigger is clearly visible, as well as the shape of the fore part of the hull.
The wreck of the Transaereo is towed to shore after the accident, on March 4, 1921. The boat may be the same that interfered with the aircraft's takeoff, possibly causing it to crash.
The surviving fragments of the outriggers and of the lower front section of the main hull, on display at the Gianni Caproni Museum of Aeronautics .
More surviving fragments (a section of one of the truss-booms and one of the hydrofoils) are on display at Volandia .