Cardiovascular fitness

Cardiovascular fitness is improved by sustained physical activity (see also Endurance Training) and is affected by many physiological parameters, including cardiac output (determined by heart rate multiplied by stroke volume), vascular patency, and maximal oxygen consumption (i.e. VO2 max).

It is an important component of overall fitness and has been linked to numerous health benefits, including a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, improved cognitive function, and increased longevity.

While the definition of health is still controversial and debated, it is frequently used in contrast to disease, whereas “Cardiovascular fitness” further describes the performance of the heart and blood beyond normal functioning, or simply a non-diseased state.

Stroke volume rises due to enhanced preload and myocardial contractility, though excessively high heart rates may reduce cardiac output by shortening left ventricular filling time.

While people with cardiovascular disease (CVD) see lesser structural adaptations, exercise remains beneficial, underscoring its role in cardiac rehabilitation.

[4][5] Moderate-intensity continuous exercise is standard for CVD patients, though high-intensity interval training (HIIT) may offer superior cardiorespiratory and cardiac improvements.

Studies show even low doses of activity (e.g., <6 miles of running per week) can significantly reduce all-cause and CVD mortality risks.

[4] Resistance training complements aerobic exercise by enhancing muscular fitness, which reduces cardiovascular risk factors, improves insulin sensitivity, and decreases atherosclerosis.