The Charlemagne chessmen are a group of 11th century chess pieces made from ivory, now in the Cabinet des Médailles, Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris, France.

Next to the Lewis chessmen, the set is thought to be the second-most important collection of medieval chess pieces in the world.

[2] The legend regarding the set states that these chessmen were given as a gift to Charlemagne by Caliph Harun al-Rashid,[3] who was an avid chess player.

[5] According to one historian, "The fact that these pieces are figurative representations of people and animals rather than abstract Islamic designs also suggest that they were made in Europe rather than imported from somewhere within the Caliphate.

During the French Revolution, when property was confiscated from the clergy, only 16 of the 30 pieces survived and were stored at the Cabinet des Médailles, Bibliothèque Nationale in 1794.

Elephant was called in Arabic al-fīl, giving Spanish alfil, Italian alfiere, French fil, fol and fou.