Charles Christian, Prince of Nassau-Weilburg (Karl Christian, 16 January 1735 in Weilburg – 28 November 1788 in Münster-Dreissen, near Kirchheim), till 1753 Count of Nassau-Weilburg, was the first ruler of the Principality of Nassau-Weilburg between 1753 and 1788.

He succeeded his father in 1753 and united his territories in 1783 with Nassau-Saarbrücken, Nassau-Usingen and Nassau-Dietz.

He married on 5 March 1760 in The Hague Princess Carolina of Orange-Nassau (1743–1787), daughter of William IV, Prince of Orange and Anne, Princess Royal.

He died in 1788 and was succeeded by his eldest surviving son Frederick William.

He and Carolina had 15 children, some of whom became ancestors of 19th century royalty: