Charles August was the second son of John Ernst of Nassau-Weilburg and Maria Polyxena of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Hartenburg.

In his youth, he worked as a diplomat for Saxony; for a while he was the Saxon ambassador in Paris.

In 1688 the family had not, however, obtained a seat on the princely bench in the Imperial Diet, and in protest, they had not used their title.

In 1737, the seat in the diet was finally awarded and Charles August started using his princely title.

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