[1] He was a Harrison Scholar at the University of Pennsylvania, which he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1900 and a PhD in 1904.
[1] He joined the faculty of College of the City of New York as a tutor in Greek in 1905, becoming an instructor in 1907.
[1] He remained in contact with Herbert Yardley and did part time cryptographic work for the Black Chamber.
[3] He wrote several works for the Black Chamber, including The Zimmermann Telegram of January 16, 1917, and its Cryptographic Background and Studies in German Diplomatic Codes Employed During the World War.
[3] In 1939, he was recalled to active duty as a result of World War II, but while preparing he contracted meningitis and died of it.