After the Meiji restoration, the villages of Futsukaichi, Yamaguchi, Chikushi, Mikasa, and Yamaga were established.

On March 1, 1955 Futsukaichi merged with the villages of Yamaguchi, Chikushi, Mikasa, and Yamaga and was renamed Chikushino Town.

Chikushino has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 22 members.

In terms of national politics, the city is part of the Fukuoka 5th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

In addition, wide-area administration such as water supply, fire department, garbage disposal, and crematoriums have close cooperation within the district.