[5] Common complications that can arise include leg-length discrepancy, joint contracture, growth retardation, low bone mineral density, and macrophage activation syndrome.
[6] Some causes or potential risk factors denoting a higher chance of developing childhood arthritis have been identified.
[7] However, similar to other autoimmune diseases, the exact cause or mechanism for development is still largely unknown and additional associations are continuously being researched and discovered.
[12] The underlying cause in the malfunction of the autoimmune system is unknown, however it is common to see an imbalance or abnormality in regulatory T cell levels in a majority of juvenile arthritis cases.
Specific genetic markers, such as HLA (human leukocyte antigen) genes, have been associated with an increased risk of developing the disease.
Additionally, variations in genes related to the immune system, such as those involved in the production of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators, may contribute to the susceptibility and severity of the disease.
Understanding the multifactorial causes of juvenile arthritis is crucial for developing targeted treatments and preventive measures.
Ongoing research continues to investigate the complex interactions between genetic predispositions, environmental exposures, and immune system dysfunctions to provide a clearer picture of the disease's etiology.
[24] The treatment of most types of juvenile arthritis include medications, physical therapy, splints and in severe cases surgery.
[26][27] Specifically, triamcinolone hexacetonide has displayed evidence of the longest duration of resolution in symptoms in all aforementioned juvenile arthritic subtypes.
The goal of these tests are to assess side effects of the treatments as well as potential drug toxicities that may develop even though an individual is asymptomatic.
X-rays and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are also useful in tailoring the therapy to an individual's needs as well as to assess the health and growth of the bone.
Although complete treatment withdrawal is possible after the disease is considered to be "quiet" for 6–12 months or longer, regular physician follow-up is still recommended.
Complementary therapies, such as acupuncture and massage, are also being explored for their potential benefits in alleviating symptoms and improving quality of life.
Patients with a diagnosis of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis, typically known as one of the less common forms, have historically had the highest frequency of remission of their disease state while also being off of any medications.
However, patients with polyarticular arthritis, specifically with the Rheumatoid Factor positive subtype, had the lowest frequency of remission off any medications.
The exact causes or risks leading to a higher chance of developing childhood arthritis are under research but, at this moment, still largely unknown.
[39] Genetic factors are in two main categories: having some variation in the genes that code for our immune system, such as the HLA complex, or having a direct parent who also has the disease.
Maternal occupational exposure factors were also considered to be an additional environmental factor that could affect a child's future diagnosis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis, depending on the mother's specific profession; working mothers exposed to fine dust and volatile vapor contributes to the future diagnosis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis for the child later on.
The chronic nature of the disease, frequent medical appointments, and physical limitations can lead to emotional and social challenges.
Frequent absences from school due to medical appointments or flare-ups can lead to gaps in learning and difficulties in keeping up with peers.
Children with arthritis might find it difficult to participate in physical activities or social events, leading to feelings of exclusion or differentness from their peers.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has been shown to be effective in helping children manage pain and anxiety associated with arthritis.
Integrating psychological and social support with medical treatment can help improve the overall well-being and quality of life for children with arthritis.
[7] Growth inhibition and joint damage are the main concerns regarding long-term childhood arthritis, due to both the disease itself as well as the medications taken in treatment.