The Chow test (Chinese: 鄒檢定), proposed by econometrician Gregory Chow in 1960, is a statistical test of whether the true coefficients in two linear regressions on different data sets are equal.
In econometrics, it is most commonly used in time series analysis to test for the presence of a structural break at a period which can be assumed to be known a priori (for instance, a major historical event such as a war).
In program evaluation, the Chow test is often used to determine whether the independent variables have different impacts on different subgroups of the population.
Suppose that we model our data as If we split our data into two groups, then we have and The null hypothesis of the Chow test asserts that
, and there is the assumption that the model errors
are independent and identically distributed from a normal distribution with unknown variance.
be the sum of squared residuals from the combined data,
be the sum of squared residuals from the first group, and
be the sum of squared residuals from the second group.
are the number of observations in each group and
is the total number of parameters (in this case 3, i.e. 2 independent variables coefficients + intercept).
Then the Chow test statistic is The test statistic follows the F-distribution with
degrees of freedom.
The same result can be achieved via dummy variables.
Consider the two data sets which are being compared.
Firstly there is the 'primary' data set i={1,...,
} and the 'secondary' data set i={
Then there is the union of these two sets: i={1,...,n}.
If there is no structural change between the primary and secondary data sets a regression can be run over the union without the issue of biased estimators arising.
γ
γ
D is a dummy variable taking a value of 1 for i={
If both data sets can be explained fully by
then there is no use in the dummy variable as the data set is explained fully by the restricted equation.
That is, under the assumption of no structural change we have a null and alternative hypothesis of:
γ
γ
γ
The null hypothesis of joint insignificance of D can be run as an F-test with
degrees of freedom (DoF).