Christian August Friedrich Peters (7 September 1806 – 8 May 1880) was a German astronomer.
Peters was the son of a merchant and, although he did not attend secondary school regularly, he obtained a good knowledge of mathematics and astronomy.
Schumacher encouraged him to study astronomy and Peters did a PhD under Friedrich Bessel at the University of Königsberg.
Peters became a name in the literature on the theory of errors for his 1856 note on the estimation of precision using absolute deviations from the mean.
Peters won the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1852.