Cambon graduated from the Paris Institute of Political Studies (Sciences Po) and holds a master's degree in Public Law (Panthéon-Assas University).

Cambon held the mayorship of Saint-Maurice, Val-de-Marne from 1989 until 2017 and was First Vice President of the Syndicat des eaux d'Île-de-France, the public drinking water service for the greater metropolitan Paris area, from 1983 to 2017.

In the Senate, Cambon served as president of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defense and the Armed Forces from 2017 to 2023.

[1] On 24 April 2018, Cambon was among the guests invited to the state dinner hosted by US President Donald Trump in honour of President Emmanuel Macron at the White House.

[2] Following the 2023 Nigerien coup d'état, Cambon joined forces with fellow Senators Roger Karoutchi and Bruno Retailleau on an open letter to President Macron in Le Figaro, critizicing France's Africa policy and arguing that the failure of Operation Barkhane was in great part the reason why France and its economic, political and military presence have been rejected in Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger and the Central African Republic; the letter was signed by 91 other senators.