Before the end of the Russo-Circassian War in 1864, a mass deportation was launched against the remaining population who survived the Circassian genocide.

[2] Calculations including those taking into account the Russian imperial government's own archival figures have estimated a loss of 95–97%[3][4][5][6] of the Circassian nation in the process.

Ottoman archives show nearly 1 million migrants entering their land from the Caucasus by 1879, with nearly half of them dying on the shores as a result of diseases.

The Ottoman authorities assigned lands for Circassian settlers close to regular water sources and grain fields.

This resulted in them hiding their Islamic faith (Taqiyya) and pretending to be Christian at the port of entry to gain easy access to the United States;[12][13] moreover, many declared themselves as "Armenians" to avoid discrimination.