Circassians who were exiled to Ottoman lands initially suffered heavy tolls.

The Circassians were initially housed in schools and mosques or had to live in caves until their resettlement.

The Ottoman authorities assigned lands for Circassian settlers close to regular water sources and grain fields.

Despite the superiority of Bedouin arms and mobility, the Circassians maintained their positions and population.

[3] In 2011, unrest in Syria grew out of discontent with the Syrian government and escalated to an armed conflict.