Civil Censorship Detachment

By its dissolution, the CCD had worked on a wide range of subjects; from Japanese actions during the war, to abuses and severe crimes committed by the Occupation soldiers.

[1] The CCD was primarily composed of highly-educated Japanese nationals, often academics or western-educated graduates, they conducted the direct work of reading and translating.

This included public opinion in the press, film, television program, and radio, as well as surveillance and monitoring of postal mail, telephone, telegraphs.

[6] Headed by General Douglas MacArthur, the United States imposed political restrictions and weakened the policy structures in Japan to implement a reformation consolidating democracy and the rule of law.

Notable examples of censorship to protect SCAP reputation included the replacement of the term “hairy foreigner” (ketōjin) with “Westerner” (seiōjin).

For example, a 1945 report by the Japan Medical Care Organization was heavily censored for predicting an increase in the threat of venereal disease to public health, linked to the presence of Occupation forces and “fraternization” with locals.

[22] They labeled Japanese and European reports of lingering “radioactive poison gas” as “propaganda”, most likely wishing to avoid international stigma surrounding chemical weapons, which had been banned during the First World War.

[26] In contrast, other violent weapons like guns in American Westerns were permitted, since they were allegedly used “only to defend justice and restore safety to their communities.”[26] Even foreign films like the American-produced Mark of Zorro were subject to deletion of swordplay scenes.

[27] Similarly in the theater industry, 322 of 518 classic plays such as kabuki reviewed by censors had been banned by December 1945 “because they contained one or more of such objectionable themes as glorification of feudal ideology or militarism, blind loyalty, a cheap valuation of human life, relegation of women to a subservient status in society, and glorification of revenge.”[28] As a result, the Kabuki theater companies (which centered around themes of loyalty and revenge which Occupation censors considered as tied to militarism and therefore inappropriate[29]) were most impacted, with 2,500 prints destroyed by SCAP.

[15] The plot (an ant soldier falling asleep and being surprised by the sudden appearance of a mushroom) actually subtly made fun of the military, rather than promoting Japan's wartime imperialist ambitions in the East.

[14] Mentioning the Occupation forces as a commanding authority constituted a censorship violation since it clashed with the American narrative that “democratization was proceeding independent of the Occupation.”[16] For example, a report on the production of typhus fever vaccines ordered by SCAP was deleted.

According to scholar Edward A. Dougherty, "American Censors deleted stanzas and whole poems from the book before publication and because of an earlier run in with Occupation Officials, she herself cut additional materials out".

Bomb survivors, such as Ogawa Setsuko, recount being discriminated against by doctors believing their radiation to be contagious, being hidden and isolated in family homes, and ostracized by the public.

The objectionable sections were studied by the CCD to deepen knowledge on Japan's history, culture, strategy, language, and geography, then destroyed all copies of the film save a negative and two prints.

Prior, the Japanese film industry experienced a decade of censorship on the requirement of the military government, Kurosawa describing this time as “an age that had no respect for creation”.

Not a single one among them treated us as criminals, the way the Japanese censors had.”[41] Mentions of crimes committed by Allied soldiers were not allowed to be reported on by media publications.

In order to report on these, magazines and papers had to use euphemisms to describe the perpetrators of crimes being occupied soldiers, for example, “the criminals were unusually tall and hairy men”.

[42] Documentation of crimes committed by American soldiers are limited due to the stringent restrictions on press accounts of GI criminality placed by the CCD.

Before the US occupation forces arrived in Japan, many Japanese tended to want to avoid any contact with the "American beast" that according to wartime propaganda and rumors would rape, torture, and murder the conquered people.

In addition to censorship, the occupiers “regularly planted articles, photographs, and other items in the Japanese press,”[50] which included pro-American propaganda highlighting the glamour of American culture.

As the censorship produced an informative gap in what the Japanese people knew about the atomic bomb, many Hibakusha suffered from severe discrimination, poverty, and loneliness amid ignorance about the incident.

[56] The fact that many Hibakusha chose to keep their status secret due to the widespread discrimination made them unable to access the necessary medical care and further isolated them, ultimately leaving the survivors to live in constant fear.

The government closely regulates the release of state information through the exclusive press clubs operated by each ministry and can deny access to reporters who stray too far from the official line.

Miyazawa Kenji, a children's novelist and poet who saw his works censored during the CCD's tenure.
Poster of Akira Kurosawa's Rashomon (1950).
A hibakusha , her kimono pattern burned into her skin.