Claude-Philibert Barthelot, comte de Rambuteau (French pronunciation: [klod filibɛːʁ baʁtəlo kɔ̃t də ʁɑ̃byto]) (Mâcon, 9 November 1781 – Château de Rambuteau, 11 April 1869) was a French senior official of the first half of the 19th century.

He established the groundwork for the fundamental transformation of Paris that Haussmann carried out under the Second Empire.

Rambuteau thought that the narrow, tortuous streets and small disease-prone districts in the centre of Paris encouraged the development of the disease.

He commenced the cutting of 13-metre-wide roads through Paris with the widening of the Rue Rambuteau in 1839, which was later named after him.

In spite of the enactment of the law of expropriation in the public interest in 1841, Rambuteau did not have the means or the ambition to implement the work that Haussmann later carried out, but he showed the way forward.